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| Titolo | Zdravstvene prilike i medicina u Sibeniku do pocetka 20. stoljeca. |
|---|---|
| Autore | Grmek, Mirko Drazen |
| Informazione Bibliografica / Fonte | p. 523-539 in Grubisic, Slavo (a cura di). Sibenik : spomen zbornik o 900. obljetnici. Sibenik : NIP "Stampa", 1976. 606 p., (88) c. di tav. (Musei grada Sibenika : posebna izdanja; 1). |
| Lingua / Fonte | SCR |
| Editore | Sibenik : NIP "Stampa" |
| Tipo Documento | book article |
| Anno di Pubblicazione | 1976 |
| Abstract in Lingua Inglese | The sanitary and hygienic conditions in medieval Sibenik were the same as in other Dalmatian towns. In spite of the fact that penalities were laid down in the town Statue for those who "spread filth", the removal of refuse was badly organized. Thus, there was only the rain to clean the dirty street for the town lay on the slope of a hill. The water supply was somewhat improved only when the town cistern called "Cetiri zdenca" (The Four wells) was built. In the 14th century, the town had only one surgeon and later - two full time doctors (a physician and a surgeon). After 1412, the healt service was organized on the Venetian model. Thus, Sibenik hat three healt officers: a doctor-physician (with an annual salary of 200 ducats), a surgeon (100 ducats) and a pharmacist. The first doctor, known to us by name, was Dr. Nicolò Nicolonis, from Padova. It was not until 1603 that a local man, Dr. Frano Misic, was given the post. On the contrary, surgeons were often local people. The first one, known to us by name, was Marko, whose likeness has been preserved up to present times on the wall of st. Barbara's church 81419). In 1450, the commune Council took on a barber for bloodletting and extraction of teeth. During the period of the venetian government until the war of Candia, seventy doctors were in the service of the Commune. Otherwise, the folk doctors - healers, excellent at curing fractures and injuries, treated the sick, while fever, madness and similar diseases were treated by magic. This was very dangerous for according to the provisions of the Statute, persons practising magic were to be burnt at the stake. In 1420, Zanin de Vida, the "aromatarium", came from Venice, and in 1436 a very capable German pharmacist, Johannes Teutonicus, arrived in Sibenik. The Sibenik pharmacists were mostly Italians but there were also several from Sibenik itself. In the 16th century the most prominent among them was Ercole Acqua from Monfalcone. By the beginning of the 15th century, Sibenik had his first hospital (St. Lazar) for infectious patients and the poor. It was situated outside the city walls and in the town there was St. Mary's Hospital, a smal one, intended for poor and sick old women. These hospitals were more poorhouses than real hospitals. There was also a charitable institution - the poorhouse of the "Madonna of Mercy" for illegitimate children abandoned by their mothers. The Venetian Military Hospital, for sick sailors, was established in 17th century, and somewhat earlier, the Lazzareto on cape mandalina has been built. Epidemics of the plague occurred very often; there were ten outbreaks in the 15th century alone, the most terrible being that of 1456. In the 16th century the plague struk eight times; the most serious was in 1526-27 when the lazzaretto was erected on the island of Paklena for the isolation of the sick. However, the most terrible disaster in the whole story of Sibenik was the plague of 1649, when about 6000 citizens, nearly 1000 soldiers and over 3000 peasants died. Only 1500-2000 people were left alive. After the middle of the 17th century, the organization of the medical care deteriorated. Only about thirty physician are mentioned in the archives for the period from the middle of the 17th century untill the end of the 18th century, and only two of them were distinguished doctors: Ante Paulini from Korcula and Josip Frari from Treviso. The latter one was practising surgery which was a sign of the new tendencies in medicine. Frari married in Sibenik and founded a whole dinasty of physician. During that period only the Venetian Military Hospital (at St. Krsevan) deserved to be called hospital. Physician mostly helped the richle noblemen while commoners turned to healers and magicians. The town was full of dirt in spite of numerous regulations on the maintenance of cleanliness and the Commune was unable to come to any decision about hiring a re use collector. From the 14th to the 15th century, the public health service in the Venetian Republic was a model to other European countries. But the decline in the economic power of Venice was parallel ed by deterioration in the public health service with disagreeble consequences for Dalmatia, which was regarded by the Venetians as part of their colonial territory. After the fall of Venice, the situation in Sibenik was very sad. The first Austrian government brought nothing new to the health service in Sibenik. It was only the period of french rule (1806-1813) that brought a significant turning point, mostly owing to the Provveditore Generale, Vicko Dandolo. During his administration, the first modern hospital was opened in Sibenik, anti-epidemic protection was arranged, the majority of the population was vaccinated, the rights and obligations of physicians, pharmacists and midwives were determined, the fight against quackery was initiated, the "Public Charity" was founded, and so on. An attempt to founf a medical school has no lasting results. To the versatile and energic Dr. Ivan Visiani much credit is due for the erection and organization of the new hospital. He was also the first director and physician of that institution. From 1813 on, when Sibenik fell under the rule of Austria, conditions in the health service greatly improved. Before that time, physician educated in padova use to come to Sibenik, but from the middle of 19th century they came from Vienna, which had become one of the best medical centres. |
| Dafne Access Number | dafne:1074680455 |
| Collocazione | BOB1033 16a |
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